SRM/MRM Assay for the Fatty Acid Synthase Protein

ABSTRACT

Specific peptides, and derived ionization characteristics of the peptides, from the Fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein are provided that are particularly advantageous for quantifying the FASN protein directly in biological samples that have been fixed in formalin by the method of Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry, or what can also be termed as Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Such biological samples are chemically preserved and fixed and are selected from tissues and cells treated with formaldehyde containing agents/fixatives including formalin-fixed tissue/cells, formalin-fixed/paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue/cells, FFPE tissue blocks and cells from those blocks, and tissue culture cells that have been formalin fixed and or paraffin embedded. A protein sample is prepared from said biological sample using the Liquid Tissue™ reagents and protocol and the FASN protein is quantitated in the Liquid Tissue™ sample by the method of SRM/MRM mass spectrometry by quantitating in the protein sample at least one or more of the peptides described. These peptides can be quantitated if they reside in a modified or an unmodified form. An example of a modified form of an FASN peptide is phosphorylation of a tyrosine, threonine, serine, and/or other amino acid residues within the peptide sequence.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/538,091, filed Sep. 22, 2011, entitled “SRM/MRM Assay for the Fatty Acid Synthase Protein,” the content of which are hereby incorporated by referenced in their entirety.

INTRODUCTION

Specific peptides derived from subsequences of the Fatty Acid Synthase protein (referred to herein as FASN, and which also is referred to as FAS), are provided. The peptide sequence and fragmentation/transition ions for each peptide are particularly useful in a mass spectrometry-based Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) assay, which can also be referred to as a Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) assay. Such assays are referred to herein as SRM/MRM. The use of peptides for quantitative SRM/MRM analysis of the FASN protein is described.

This SRM/MRM assay can be used to measure relative or absolute quantitative levels of one or more of the specific peptides from the FASN protein. This provides a means of measuring the amount of the FASN protein in a given protein preparation obtained from a biological sample by mass spectrometry.

More specifically, the SRM/MRM assay can measure these peptides directly in complex protein lysate samples prepared from cells procured from patient tissue samples, such as formalin fixed cancer patient tissue. Methods of preparing protein samples from formalin-fixed tissue are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,532, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,532 may conveniently be carried out using Liquid Tissue™ reagents and protocol available from OncoPlexDx (formerly Expression Pathology Inc., Rockville, Md.).

The most widely and advantageously available form of tissues from cancer patients tissue is formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Formaldehyde/formalin fixation of surgically removed tissue is by far and away the most common method of preserving cancer tissue samples worldwide and is the accepted convention for standard pathology practice. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as formalin. “100%” formalin consists of a saturated solution of formaldehyde (this is about 40% by volume or 37% by mass) in water, with a small amount of stabilizer, usually methanol to limit oxidation and degree of polymerization. The most common way in which tissue is preserved is to soak whole tissue for extended periods of time (8 hours to 48 hours) in aqueous formaldehyde, commonly termed 10% neutral buffered formalin, followed by embedding the fixed whole tissue in paraffin wax for long term storage at room temperature. Thus, molecular analytical methods to analyze formalin fixed cancer tissue will be the most accepted and heavily utilized methods for analysis of cancer patient tissue.

Results from the SRM/MRM assay can be used to correlate accurate and precise quantitative levels of the FASN protein within the specific tissue samples (e.g., one or more cancer tissue samples) of the patient or subject from whom the tissue (biological sample) was collected and preserved. This not only provides diagnostic information about the cancer, but also permits a physician or other medical professional to determine appropriate therapy for the patient. For example, such an assay can be designed to diagnose the stage or degree of a cancer and determine a therapeutic agent to which a patient is most likely to respond. Such an assay that provides diagnostically and therapeutically important information about levels of protein expression in a diseased tissue or other patient sample is termed a companion diagnostic assay.

SUMMARY

The assays described herein measure relative or absolute levels of specific unmodified peptides from the FASN protein and also can measure absolute or relative levels of specific modified peptides from the FASN protein. Examples of modifications include phosphorylated amino acid residues (e.g. phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine) and glycosylated amino acid residues (e.g. glycosylated asparagine residues) that are present on the peptides.

Relative quantitative levels of the FASN protein are determined by the SRM/MRM methodology, for example, by comparing SRM/MRM signature peak areas (e.g., signature peak area or integrated fragment ion intensity) of an individual FASN peptide in different samples. Alternatively, it is possible to compare multiple SRM/MRM signature peak areas for multiple FASN signature peptides, where each peptide has its own specific SRM/MRM signature peak, to determine the relative FASN protein content in one biological sample with the FASN protein content in one or more additional or different biological samples. In this way, the amount of a particular peptide, or peptides, from the FASN protein, and therefore the amount of the FASN protein, is determined relative to the same FASN peptide, or peptides, across 2 or more biological samples under the same experimental conditions. In addition, relative quantitation can be determined for a given peptide, or peptides, from the FASN protein within a single sample by comparing the signature peak area for that peptide by SRM/MRM methodology to the signature peak area for another and different peptide, or peptides, from a different protein, or proteins, within the same protein preparation from the biological sample. In this way, the amount of a particular peptide from the FASN protein, and therefore the amount of the FASN protein, is determined relative one to another within the same sample. These approaches generate quantitation of an individual peptide, or peptides, from the FASN protein to the amount of another peptide, or peptides, between samples and within samples wherein the amounts as determined by peak area are relative one to another, regardless of the absolute weight to volume or weight to weight amounts of the FASN peptide in the protein preparation from the biological sample. Relative quantitative data about individual signature peak areas between different samples are normalized to the amount of protein analyzed per sample. Relative quantitation can be performed across many peptides from multiple proteins and the FASN protein simultaneously in a single sample and/or across many samples to gain insight into relative protein amounts, one peptide/protein with respect to other peptides/proteins.

Absolute quantitative levels of the FASN protein are determined by, for example, the SRM/MRM methodology whereby the SRM/MRM signature peak area of an individual peptide from the FASN protein in one biological sample is compared to the SRM/MRM signature peak area of an exogenously added “spiked” internal standard. In one embodiment, the internal standard is a synthetic version of the same exact FASN peptide that contains one or more amino acid residues labeled with one or more heavy isotopes. Suitable isotope-labeled internal standards are synthesized so that, when analyzed by mass spectrometry, each standard generates a predictable and consistent SRM/MRM signature peak that is different and distinct from the native FASN peptide signature peak and which can be used as a comparator peak. Thus, when the internal standard is spiked in a known amount into a protein preparation from a biological sample and analyzed by mass spectrometry, the SRM/MRM signature peak area of the native peptide from the sample can be compared to the SRM/MRM signature peak area of the internal standard peptide. This numerical comparison provides either the absolute molarity and/or absolute weight of the native peptide present in the original protein preparation from the biological sample. Absolute quantitative data for fragment peptides are displayed according to the amount of protein analyzed per sample. Absolute quantitation can be performed across many peptides, and thus proteins, simultaneously in a single sample and/or across many samples to gain insight into absolute protein amounts in individual biological samples and in entire cohorts of individual samples.

The SRM/MRM assay method can be used to aid diagnosis of the stage of cancer, for example, directly in patient-derived tissue, such as formalin fixed tissue, and to aid in determining which therapeutic agent would be most advantageous for use in treating that patient. Cancer tissue that is removed from a patient either through surgery, such as for therapeutic removal of partial or entire tumors, or through biopsy procedures conducted to determine the presence or absence of suspected disease, is analyzed to determine whether or not a specific protein, or proteins, and which forms of proteins, are present in that patient tissue. Moreover, the expression level of a protein, or multiple proteins, can be determined and compared to a “normal” or reference level found in healthy tissue. Normal or reference levels of proteins found in healthy tissue may be derived from, for example, the relevant tissues of one or more individuals that do not have cancer. Alternatively, normal or reference levels may be obtained for individuals with cancer by analysis of relevant tissues not affected by the cancer.

Assays of protein levels (e.g., FASN levels) can also be used to diagnose the stage of cancer in a patient or subject diagnosed with cancer by employing the FASN levels. Levels or amounts of proteins or peptides can be defined as the quantity expressed in moles, mass or weight of a protein or peptide determined by the SRM/MRM assay. The level or amount may be normalized to total the level or amount of protein or another component in the lysate analyzed (e.g., expressed in micromoles/microgram of protein or micrograms/microgram of protein). In addition, the level or amount of a protein or peptide may be determined on volume basis, expressed, for example, in micromolar or nanograms/microliter. The level or amount of protein or peptide as determined by the SRM/MRM assay can also be normalized to the number of cells analyzed. Information regarding FASN can thus be used to aid in determining stage or grade of a cancer by correlating the level of the FASN protein (or fragment peptides of the FASN protein) with levels observed in normal tissues.

Once the stage and/or grade, and/or FASN protein expression characteristics of the cancer has been determined, that information can be matched to a list of therapeutic agents (chemical and biological) developed to specifically treat cancer tissue that is characterized by, for example, abnormal expression of the protein or protein(s) (e.g., FASN) that were assayed. Matching information from an FASN protein assay to a list of therapeutic agents that specifically targets, for example, the FASN protein or cells/tissue expressing the protein, defines what has been termed a personalized medicine approach to treating disease. The assay methods described herein form the foundation of a personalized medicine approach by using analysis of proteins from the patient's own tissue as a source for diagnostic and treatment decisions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In principle, any predicted peptide derived from FASN protein, prepared for example by digesting with a protease of known specificity (e.g. trypsin), can be used as a surrogate reporter to determine the abundance of FASN protein in a sample using a mass spectrometry-based SRM/MRM assay. Similarly, any predicted peptide sequence containing an amino acid residue at a site that is known to be potentially modified in FASN protein also can be used to assay the extent of modification of FASN protein in a sample.

FASN fragment peptides may be generated in a variety of ways, including using the Liquid Tissue™ protocol described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,532. Liquid Tissue™ protocol and reagents produce peptide samples suitable for mass spectroscopic analysis from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue by proteolytic digestion of the proteins in the tissue/biological sample. Suitable reagents and protocols also are commercially available from OncoPlexDx (formerly Expression Pathology Inc., Rockville, Md.).

In the Liquid Tissue™ protocol the tissue/biological sample is heated in a buffer for an extended period of time (e.g., from about 80° C. to about 100° C. for a period of time from about 10 minutes to about 4 hours) to reverse or release protein cross-linking. The buffer employed is a neutral buffer, (e.g., a Tris-based buffer, or a buffer containing a detergent). Following heat treatment the tissue/biological sample is treated with one or more proteases including, but not limited to, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and endoproteinase Lys-C for a time sufficient to disrupt the tissue and cellular structure of said biological sample and to liquefy the sample. Exemplary conditions for the protease treatment are from 30 minutes to 24 hours at a temperature from 37° C. to 65° C.). Advantageously, endoproteases, and particularly combinations of two or three endoproteases, used either simultaneously or sequentially, are employed to liquefy the sample. For example, suitable combinations of proteases can include, but are not limited to, combinations of trypsin, endoproteinase Lys-C and chemotrypsin, such as trypsin and endoproteinase Lys-C. The result of the heating and proteolysis is a liquid, soluble, dilutable biomolecule lysate. Advantageously, this liquid lysate is free of solid or particulate matter that can be separated from the lysate by centrifugation.

Surprisingly, it was found that many potential peptide sequences from the FASN protein are unsuitable or ineffective for use in mass spectrometry-based SRM/MRM assays for reasons that are not immediately evident. As it was not possible to predict the most suitable peptides for MRM/SRM assay, it was necessary to experimentally identify modified and unmodified peptides in actual Liquid Tissue™ lysates to develop a reliable and accurate SRM/MRM assay for the FASN protein. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that some peptides might, for example, be difficult to detect by mass spectrometry because they do not ionize well or produce fragments that are not distinct from those generated from other proteins. Peptides may also fail to resolve well in separation (e.g., liquid chromatography), or may adhere to glass or plastic ware, which leads to erroneous results in the SRM/MRM assay.

FASN peptides found in various embodiments of this disclosure (e.g., Tables 1 and 2 below) were derived from the FASN protein by protease digestion of all the proteins within a complex Liquid Tissue™ lysate prepared from cells procured from formalin fixed cancer tissue. Unless noted otherwise, in each instance the protease was trypsin. The Liquid Tissue™ lysate was then analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine those peptides derived from the FASN protein that are detected and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Identification of a specific preferred subset of peptides for mass-spectrometric analysis is based on; 1) experimental determination of which peptide or peptides from a protein ionize in mass spectrometry analyses of Liquid Tissue™ lysates, and 2) the ability of the peptide to survive the protocol and experimental conditions used in preparing a Liquid Tissue™ lysate. This latter property extends not only to the amino acid sequence of the peptide but also to the ability of a modified amino acid residue within a peptide to survive in modified form during the sample preparation.

Protein lysates from cells procured directly from formalin (formaldehyde) fixed tissue were prepared using the Liquid Tissue™ reagents and protocol. This entails collecting cells into a sample tube via tissue microdissection followed by heating the cells in the Liquid Tissue™ buffer for an extended period of time. Once the formalin-induced cross linking has been negatively affected, the tissue/cells are then digested to completion in a predictable manner using a protease such as, trypsin. The skilled artisan will recognize that other proteases, and in particular, endoproteases may be used in place of, or in addition to, trypsin. Each protein lysate was used to prepare a collection of peptides by digestion of intact polypeptides with the protease or protease combination. Each Liquid Tissue™ lysate was analyzed (e.g., by ion trap mass spectrometry) to perform multiple global proteomic surveys of the peptides where the data was presented as identification of as many peptides as could be identified by mass spectrometry from all cellular proteins present in each protein lysate. An ion trap mass spectrometer or another form of a mass spectrometer that is capable of performing global profiling for identification of as many peptides as possible from a single complex protein/peptide lysate may be employed. Ion trap mass spectrometers may, however, be the best type of mass spectrometer for conducting global profiling of peptides. Although SRM/MRM assays can be developed and performed on any type of mass spectrometer, including a MALDI, ion trap, or triple quadrupole, an instrument platform for SRM/MRM assay is often considered to be a triple quadrupole instrument platform.

Once as many peptides as possible were identified in a single mass spectrometric analysis of a single lysate under the conditions employed, then the list of identified peptides was collated and used to determine the proteins that were detected in that lysate. This process was repeated for multiple Liquid Tissue™ lysates, and the very large list of peptides was collated into a single dataset. The resulting dataset represents the peptides that can be detected in the type of biological sample that was analyzed (after protease digestion), and specifically in a Liquid Tissue™ lysate of the biological sample, and thus includes the peptides for specific proteins, such as for example the FASN protein.

In one embodiment, the FASN tryptic peptides identified as useful in the determination of absolute or relative amounts of the FASN receptor include one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of the peptides of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:11, each of which sequences are shown in Table 1. Each of those peptides was detected by mass spectrometry in Liquid Tissue™ lysates prepared from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Thus, each of the peptides in Table 1, or any combination of those peptides (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of those peptides recited in Table 1, and particularly combinations with the peptides found in Table 2) are candidates for use in quantitative SRM/MRM assay for the FASN protein in human biological samples, including directly in formalin fixed patient tissue. Table 2 shows additional information regarding three of the peptides shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID Peptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 LPEDPLLSGLLDSPALK SEQ ID NO: 2 VGDPQELNGITR SEQ ID NO: 3 DLVEAVAHILGIR SEQ ID NO: 4 LQVVDQPLPVR SEQ ID NO: 5 GVDLVLNSLAEEK SEQ ID NO: 6 VLEALLPLK SEQ ID NO: 7 FDASFFGVHPK SEQ ID NO: 8 HGLYLPTR SEQ ID NO: 9 SEGVVAVLLTK SEQ ID NO: 10 VYQWDDPDPR SEQ ID NO: 11 AQVADVVVSR

TABLE 2 Mono Precursor Peptide Isotopic Charge Precursor Transition Ion SEQ ID sequence Mass State m/z m/z Type SEQ ID NO: 4 LQVVDQPLPVR 1262.735 2 632.375  581.376 y5 2 632.375  709.435 y6 2 632.375  824.462 y7 2 632.375  923.53 y8 2 632.375 1022.599 y9 SEQ ID NO: 6 VLEALLPLK  994.643 2 498.329  583.417 y5 2 498.329  654.454 y6 2 498.329  783.497 y7 2 498.329  896.581 y8 2 498.329  995.649 y9 SEQ ID NO: 9 SEGVVAVLLTK 1114.66 2 558.337  573.397 y5 2 558.337  644.434 y6 2 558.337  743.502 y7 2 558.337  842.57 y8 2 558.337  899.592 y9 2 558.337 1028.635 y10

The FASN tryptic peptides listed in Table 1 include those detected from multiple Liquid Tissue™ lysates of multiple different formalin fixed tissues of different human organs including prostate, colon, and breast. Each of those peptides is useful for quantitative SRM/MRM assay of the FASN protein in formalin fixed tissue. Further data analysis of these experiments indicated no preference is observed for any specific peptides from any specific organ site. Thus, each of these peptides is suitable for conducting SRM/MRM assays of the FASN protein on a Liquid Tissue™ lysate from any formalin fixed tissue originating from any biological sample or from any organ site in the body.

In one embodiment, the peptides in Table 1, or any combination of those peptides (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of those peptides recited in Table 1, and particularly combinations with the peptides also found in Table 2) are assayed by methods that do not rely upon mass spectroscopy, including, but not limited to, immunological methods (e.g., Western blotting or ELISA). Regardless of how information directed to the amount of the peptide(s) (absolute or relative) is obtained, the information may be employed in any of the methods described herein, including indicating (diagnosing) the presence of cancer in a subject, determining the stage/grade/status of the cancer, providing a prognosis, or determining the therapeutics or treatment regimen for a subject/patient.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include compositions comprising one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of the peptides in Table 1. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise the peptides in Table 2. Compositions comprising peptides may include one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more peptides that are isotopically labeled. Each of the peptides may be labeled with one or more isotopes selected independently from the group consisting of: ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁴S, ¹⁵N, ¹³C, ²H or combinations thereof. Compositions comprising peptides from the FASN protein, whether isotope labeled or not, need not contain all of the peptides from that protein (e.g., a complete set of tryptic peptides). In some embodiments the compositions do not contain one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more peptides from FASN, and particularly peptides appearing in Table 1 or Table 2. Compositions comprising peptides may be in the form of dried or lyophized materials, liquid (e.g., aqueous) solutions or suspensions, arrays, or blots.

One consideration for conducting an SRM/MRM assay is the type of instrument that may be employed in the analysis of the peptides. Although SRM/MRM assays can be developed and performed on any type of mass spectrometer, including a MALDI, ion trap, or triple quadrupole, the most advantageous instrument platform for SRM/MRM assay is often considered to be a triple quadrupole instrument platform. That type of a mass spectrometer may be considered to be the most suitable instrument for analyzing a single isolated target peptide within a very complex protein lysate that may consist of hundreds of thousands to millions of individual peptides from all the proteins contained within a cell.

In order to most efficiently implement SRM/MRM assay for each peptide derived from the FASN protein it is desirable to utilize information in addition to the peptide sequence in the analysis. That additional information may be used in directing and instructing the mass spectrometer (e.g. a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer) to perform the correct and focused analysis of specific targeted peptide(s) such that the assay may be effectively performed.

The additional information about target peptides in general, and about specific FASN peptides, may include one or more of the mono isotopic mass of the peptide, its precursor charge state, the precursor m/z value, the m/z transition ions, and the ion type of each transition ion. Additional peptide information that may be used to develop an SRM/MRM assay for the FASN protein is shown by example for three (3) of the FASN peptides from the list in Table 1 and is shown in Table 2. Similar additional information described for these three (3) FASN peptides shown by example in Table 2 may be prepared, obtained, and applied to the analysis of the other peptides contained in Table 1.

The method described below was used to: 1) identify candidate peptides from the FASN protein that can be used for a mass spectrometry-based SRM/MRM assay for the FASN protein, 2) develop individual SRM/MRM assay, or assays, for target peptides from the FASN protein, and 3) apply quantitative assays to cancer diagnosis and/or choice of optimal therapy.

Assay Method

1. Identification of SRM/MRM candidate fragment peptides for the FASN protein

-   -   a. Prepare a Liquid Tissue™ protein lysate from a formalin fixed         biological sample using a protease or proteases, (that may or         may not include trypsin), to digest proteins     -   b. Analyze all protein fragments in the Liquid Tissue™ lysate on         an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer and identify all fragment         peptides from the FASN protein, where individual fragment         peptides do not contain any peptide modifications such as         phosphorylations or glycosylations     -   c. Analyze all protein fragments in the Liquid Tissue™ lysate on         an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer and identify all fragment         peptides from the FASN protein that carry peptide modifications         such as for example phosphorylated or glycosylated residues     -   d. All peptides generated by a specific digestion method from         the entire, full length FASN protein potentially can be         measured, but preferred peptides used for development of the         SRM/MRM assay are those that are identified by mass spectrometry         directly in a complex Liquid Tissue™ protein lysate prepared         from a formalin fixed biological sample     -   e. Peptides that are specifically modified (phosphorylated,         glycosylated, etc.) in patient tissue and which ionize, and thus         detected, in a mass spectrometer when analyzing a Liquid Tissue™         lysate from a formalin fixed biological sample are identified as         candidate peptides for assaying peptide modifications of the         FASN protein         2. Mass Spectrometry Assay for Fragment Peptides from FASN         Protein     -   a. SRM/MRM assay on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for         individual fragment peptides identified in a Liquid Tissue™         lysate is applied to peptides from the FASN protein         -   i. Determine optimal retention time for a fragment peptide             for optimal chromatography conditions including but not             limited to gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography,             capillary electrophoresis, nano-reversed phase liquid             chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, or             reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography         -   ii. Determine the mono isotopic mass of the peptide, the             precursor charge state for each peptide, the precursor m/z             value for each peptide, the m/z transition ions for each             peptide, and the ion type of each transition ion for each             fragment peptide in order to develop an SRM/MRM assay for             each peptide.         -   iii. SRM/MRM assay can then be conducted using the             information from (i) and (ii) on a triple quadrupole mass             spectrometer where each peptide has a characteristic and             unique SRM/MRM signature peak that precisely defines the             unique SRM/MRM assay as performed on a triple quadrupole             mass spectrometer     -   b. Perform SRM/MRM analysis so that the amount of the fragment         peptide of the FASN protein that is detected, as a function of         the unique SRM/MRM signature peak area from an SRM/MRM mass         spectrometry analysis, can indicate both the relative and         absolute amount of the protein in a particular protein lysate.         -   i. Relative quantitation may be achieved by:             -   1. Determining increased or decreased presence of the                 FASN protein by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area from a given FASN peptide detected in a Liquid                 Tissue™ lysate from one formalin fixed biological sample                 to the same SRM/MRM signature peak area of the same FASN                 fragment peptide in at least a second, third, fourth or                 more Liquid Tissue™ lysates from least a second, third,                 fourth or more formalin fixed biological samples             -   2. Determining increased or decreased presence of the                 FASN protein by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area from a given FASN peptide detected in a Liquid                 Tissue™ lysate from one formalin fixed biological sample                 to SRM/MRM signature peak areas developed from fragment                 peptides from other proteins, in other samples derived                 from different and separate biological sources, where                 the SRM/MRM signature peak area comparison between the 2                 samples for a peptide fragment are normalized to amount                 of protein analyzed in each sample.             -   3. Determining increased or decreased presence of the                 FASN protein by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area for a given FASN peptide to the SRM/MRM signature                 peak areas from other fragment peptides derived from                 different proteins within the same Liquid Tissue™ lysate                 from the formalin fixed biological sample in order to                 normalize changing levels of FASN protein to levels of                 other proteins that do not change their levels of                 expression under various cellular conditions.             -   4. These assays can be applied to both unmodified                 fragment peptides and for modified fragment peptides of                 the FASN protein, where the modifications include but                 are not limited to phosphorylation and/or glycosylation,                 and where the relative levels of modified peptides are                 determined in the same manner as determining relative                 amounts of unmodified peptides.         -   ii. Absolute quantitation of a given peptide may be achieved             by comparing the SRM/MRM signature peak area for a given             fragment peptide from the FASN protein in an individual             biological sample to the SRM/MRM signature peak area of an             internal fragment peptide standard spiked into the protein             lysate from the biological sample             -   1. The internal standard is a labeled synthetic version                 of the fragment peptide from the FASN protein that is                 being interrogated. This standard is spiked into a                 sample in known amounts, and the SRM/MRM signature peak                 area can be determined for both the internal fragment                 peptide standard and the native fragment peptide in the                 biological sample separately, followed by comparison of                 both peak areas             -   2. This can be applied to unmodified fragment peptides                 and modified fragment peptides, where the modifications                 include but are not limited to phosphorylation and/or                 glycosylation, and where the absolute levels of modified                 peptides can be determined in the same manner as                 determining absolute levels of unmodified peptides.

3. Apply Fragment Peptide Quantitation to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

-   -   a. Perform relative and/or absolute quantitation of fragment         peptide levels of the FASN protein and demonstrate that the         previously-determined association, as well understood in the         field of cancer, of FASN protein expression to the         stage/grade/status of cancer in patient tumor tissue is         confirmed     -   b. Perform relative and/or absolute quantitation of fragment         peptide levels of the FASN protein and demonstrate correlation         with clinical outcomes from different treatment strategies,         wherein this correlation has already been demonstrated in the         field or can be demonstrated in the future through correlation         studies across cohorts of patients and tissue from those         patients. Once either previously established correlations or         correlations derived in the future are confirmed by this assay         then the assay method can be used to determine optimal treatment         strategy

Assessment of FASN protein levels in tissues based on analysis of formalin fixed patient-derived tissue can provide diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutically-relevant information about each particular patient. In one embodiment, this disclosure describes a method for measuring the level of the FASN protein in a biological sample, comprising detecting and/or quantifying the amount of one or more modified or unmodified FASN fragment peptides in a protein digest prepared from the biological sample using mass spectrometry; and calculating the level of modified or unmodified FASN protein in the sample; and where the level is a relative level or an absolute level. In a related embodiment, quantifying one or more FASN fragment peptides comprises determining the amount of each of the FASN fragment peptides in a biological sample by comparison to a known amount of an added internal standard peptide, where each of the FASN fragment peptides in the biological sample is compared to an internal standard peptide having the same amino acid sequence. In some embodiments the internal standard is an isotopically labeled internal standard peptide comprises one or more heavy stable isotopes selected from ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁴S, ¹⁵N, ¹³C, ²H or combinations thereof.

The method for measuring the level of the FASN protein in a biological sample described herein (or fragment peptides as surrogates thereof) may be used as a diagnostic indicator of cancer in a patient or subject. In one embodiment, the results from measurements of the level of the FASN protein may be employed to determine the diagnostic stage/grade/status of a cancer by correlating (e.g., comparing) the level of FASN protein found in a tissue with the level of that protein found in normal and/or cancerous or precancerous tissues.

Embodiments

-   1. A method for measuring the level of the Fatty Acid Synthase     (FASN) protein in a biological sample, comprising detecting and/or     quantifying the amount of one or more modified or unmodified FASN     fragment peptides in a protein digest prepared from said biological     sample using mass spectrometry; and calculating the level of     modified or unmodified FASN protein in said sample; and     -   wherein said amount is a relative amount or an absolute amount. -   2. The method of embodiment 1, further comprising the step of     fractionating said protein digest prior to detecting and/or     quantifying the amount of one or more modified or unmodified FASN     fragment peptides. -   3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein said fractionating step is     selected from the group consisting of gel electrophoresis, liquid     chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, nano-reversed phase     liquid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, or     reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. -   4. The method of any of embodiments 1-3, wherein said protein digest     of said biological sample is prepared by the Liquid Tissue™     protocol. -   5. The method of any of embodiments 1-3, wherein said protein digest     comprises a protease digest. -   6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein said protein digest comprises     a trypsin digest. -   7. The method of any of embodiments 1-6, wherein said mass     spectrometry comprises tandem mass spectrometry, ion trap mass     spectrometry, triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF mass     spectrometry, MALDI mass spectrometry, and/or time of flight mass     spectrometry. -   8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the mode of mass spectrometry     used is Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM), Multiple Reaction     Monitoring (MRM), and/or multiple Selected Reaction Monitoring     (mSRM), or any combination thereof. -   9. The method of any of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the one or more     modified or unmodified FASN fragment peptides comprise different     amino acid sequences independently selected from those set forth in     SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ     ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, and     SEQ ID NO:11. -   10. The method of any of embodiments 1-9, wherein the biological     sample is a blood sample, a urine sample, a serum sample, an ascites     sample, a sputum sample, lymphatic fluid, a saliva sample, a cell,     or a solid tissue. -   11. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the tissue is formalin     fixed tissue. -   12. The method of embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the tissue is     paraffin embedded tissue. -   13. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the tissue is obtained from     a tumor. -   14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the tumor is a primary     tumor. -   15. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the tumor is a secondary     tumor. -   16. The method of any of embodiments 1 to 15, further comprising     quantifying a modified or unmodified FASN fragment peptide. -   17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein quantifying the FASN     fragment peptide comprises comparing an amount of one or more, two     or more, three or more, four or more, or five or more FASN fragment     peptides comprising an amino acid sequence of about 8 to about 45     amino acid residues of FASN as shown in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2,     SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ     ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, or SEQ ID NO:11 in one     biological sample to the amount of the same FASN fragment peptide in     a different and separate biological sample. -   18. The method of embodiment 17, wherein quantifying one or more     FASN fragment peptides comprises determining the amount of the each     of the FASN fragment peptides in a biological sample by comparison     to an added internal standard peptide of known amount, wherein each     of the FASN fragment peptides in the biological sample is compared     to an internal standard peptide having the same amino acid sequence. -   19. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the internal standard     peptide is an isotopically labeled peptide. -   20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the isotopically labeled     internal standard peptide comprises one or more heavy stable     isotopes selected from ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁴S, ¹⁵N, ¹³C, ²H or combinations     thereof. -   21. The method of any of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein detecting     and/or quantifying the amount of one or more modified or unmodified     FASN fragment peptides in the protein digest indicates the presence     of modified or unmodified FASN protein and an association with     cancer in the subject. -   22. The method of embodiment 21, further comprising correlating the     results of said detecting and/or quantifying the amount of one or     more modified or unmodified FASN fragment peptides, or the amount of     said FASN protein to the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the     cancer. -   23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein correlating the results of     said detecting and/or quantifying the amount of one or more modified     or unmodified FASN fragment peptides, or the amount of said FASN     protein to the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer is     combined with detecting and/or quantifying the amount of other     proteins or peptides from other proteins in a multiplex format to     provide additional information about the diagnostic     stage/grade/status of the cancer. -   24. The method of any one of embodiments 1-23, further comprising     selecting for the subject from which said biological sample was     obtained a treatment based on the presence, absence, or amount of     one or more FASN fragment peptides or the amount of FASN protein. -   25. The method of any one of embodiments 1-24, further comprising     administering to the patient from which said biological sample was     obtained a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent,     wherein the therapeutic agent and/or amount of the therapeutic agent     administered is based upon amount of one or more modified or     unmodified FASN fragment peptides or the amount of FASN protein. -   26. The method of embodiments 24 and 25, wherein the treatment or     the therapeutic agent is directed to cancer cells expressing the     FASN protein. -   27. The method of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the biological sample     is formalin fixed tumor tissue that has been processed for     quantifying the amount of one or more modified or unmodified FASN     fragment peptides employing the Liquid Tissue™ protocol and     reagents. -   28. The method of any of embodiments 1-27, wherein said one or more     modified or unmodified FASN fragment peptides is two or more, three     or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or     ten or more of the peptides in Table 1. -   29. The method of any of embodiments 1-28, comprising quantifying     the amount of one, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or     more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of the peptides in     Table 2. -   30. A composition comprising one, two or more, three or more, four     or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more, or ten or more of     the peptides in Table 1 or antibodies thereto, said composition     optionally excluding one, two, three or more other peptides of FASN. -   31. The composition of embodiment 30, comprising one, two or three     of the peptides of Table 2 or antibodies thereto.

It is to be understood that the description, specific examples, embodiments, and data, while indicating exemplary aspects, are given by way of illustration and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Various changes and modifications within the present disclosure will become apparent to the skilled artisan from the discussion, detailed description and data contained herein, and thus are considered part of the subject matter of this application. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for detecting cancer in a human subject, comprising measuring the level of the Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) protein in a sample of formalin-fixed tumor tissue from said subject, comprising detecting and quantifying the amount of an FASN fragment peptide in a protein digest prepared from said sample using mass spectrometry; wherein said FASN fragment peptide has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, and calculating the level of FASN protein in said sample; wherein said amount is a relative amount or an absolute amount, and wherein detecting and quantifying the amount of said FASN fragment peptide in the protein digest indicates the presence of modified or unmodified FASN protein and an association with cancer in the subject.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising correlating the results of said detecting and quantifying the amount of said fragment peptide, or the amount of said FASN protein, to the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein correlating the results of said detecting and quantifying the amount of said FASN fragment peptide, or the amount of said FASN protein to the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer is combined with detecting and/or quantifying the amount of other proteins or peptides from other proteins in a multiplex format to provide additional information about the diagnostic stage/grade/status of the cancer.
 24. The method of claim 22, further comprising selecting for the subject a treatment based on the amount of said FASN fragment peptide or the amount of FASN protein.
 25. The method of claim 22, further comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent and/or amount of the therapeutic agent administered is based upon the amount of said FASN fragment peptide or the amount of FASN protein.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the treatment or the therapeutic agent is directed to cancer cells expressing the FASN protein. 27-31. (canceled) 